TKT módulo 1 Phonology

Phonology is the study of the sound features used in a language to communicate meaning.


a) Phonemes
The smallest unit of sound that have meaning in a language.
You can practice the sounds here:
http://www.pearsonlongman.com/phonetic-chart.html
Are represented by:
Phonemic symbols that  make a phonemic script 
(a set of phonemic symbols)
are grouped into:
1) consonants
2) vowels

•    monophthongs
•    diphthongs

b) Word stress

•  unstressed
•  stress
•  weak syllables

c) Sentence stress

•  We say different parts of a sentence with more or less stress (slower and louder or quicker and more softly).
•   One word of the sentence has main stress.
•   Is a characteristic of connected speech.

1.    contractions
2.    rhythm
3.    intonation

d) Intonation
We use it to express emotions and attitudes to emphasise or make less important particular thing.



Remember:
Teaching materials sometimes include activities or excersises with focus on hearing or producing different sounds in minimal pairs.
Check this link:
http://www.shiporsheep.com/page1.html

TKT Módulo 1 Lexis

Lexis 

Definition from a dictionary:
Lexis (linguistics) words; vocabulary.

Here is my own review:

Two important things to consider:


1. Words sometimes have several denotations. The context in which we are writing or speaking makes it clear wich meaning we are using.


2. Words can also change their denotations according to what part of the speech they are. (Clear adj. or to clear verb)


Lexis=words 
are
a) individual words.
b) set of words.   
That have meanings.

Meanings
a) describe the idea or thing.
b) can be figurative.
c) have a context or situation.
d) Meanings are created by

• prefixes
• suffixes
• compound words
• collocations

e) Can be grouped into:

• synonyms
• antonyms
• lexical sets

Módulo 1 Grammar

Part 1 Describing Language and language skills

What is grammar?

Grammar describes how we combine, organise and change words and parts of words to make meaning. We use rules for this description.

There are nine parts of speech:
1. Nouns
2. Verbs
3. Adjectives
4. Adverbs
5. Determiners
6. Prepositions
7. Pronouns
8. Conjunctions
9. Exclamations

* Grammar rules also describe grammatical structures, i.e. the arrangement of words into patterns which have meaning.
* Grammar rules describe the way that language works, but changes over time, so grammar rules are not fixed.
* Grammar rules traditionally describe written language rather than spoken language.
* Very often, speakers of a language can speak and write it well without consciously knowing any grammatical rules or terms.
* Learning some grammatical rules and terms makes language learning easier for some learners.
* Just learning grammatical rules and structures doesn't give learners enough help with learning how to communicate, which is the main purpose of language.

(Tomado del libro The TKT Course by Cambridge)

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Module 1 Language and background to learning and teaching

1. Consiste en 3 partes.
2. Dura 80 minutos.
3. Hay 80 reactivos.
4. Cada reactivo equivale a un acierto.
5. Los aspirantes deben usar lápiz y goma.



Part 1 Describing language and language skills.
* Concepts and terminology for describing language: grammar, lexis, phonology and functions.
* Concepts and terminology for describing language skills and subskills e.g. reading for gist, scanning.


Part 2 Background to language learning.
* Motivation
* Exposure and focus on form
* The rol of error
* Differences between L1 and L2 language learning.
* Learner characteristics, e.g.
  - Learning styles
  - Learning strategies
  - Maturity
  - Past learning experience
* Learner needs


Part 3 Background to language teaching
The range of methods, tasks and activities available to the language teacher, e.g.
* Presentation techniques and introductory activities.
* Practice activities and tasks for language and skills development.
* Assessment types and tasks.


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